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Now, verses 3 to 8 are being fulfilled, the beginning of sorrows, and the decay of the Churches with the development of apostasies and iniquities-verses 9 to 14.
Then, the last week- Daniel 9:27- is about to start and with this event the persecutions of the first half of the week-42 months- Revelation 13:5- by the Beast of sea, culminating with the establishment of the Abomination of Desolation for 1,290 days in the second half of the week (plus 30 days)-verses 15 to 27 combined with Daniel 12:11 and 11:v.31. It is the END of this world and a sign of the coming of JESUS: Matthew 24:3 combined with Revelation 11:15-18. Blessed is he who waits and comes at 1335 days- Daniel 12:12 , 45 days after finishing the Abomination of Desolation. GET READY
Thank you, it has been a while and it is always good to fellowship with everyone here.
To quote you "The Gospel that was 'preached as well unto them' contained nothing of Christ's Sacrifice."
But Chris, Everything, and I mean everything, in the Ceremonial Laws was all about Christ's Sacrifice, God's Judgment and Salvation plan for Mankind. And that is what the book of Hebrews, and in fact, the whole Bible, is all about.
I am sorry to say that the more we discussed these things, The more convinced I am that we have a very different view of the nature of the Bible and the nature of salvation. And I have to confess that I shudder at some of the things that I read in your comments, particularly this last one.
God's elect are not limited to those from national Israel. The elect of God are all of those whom God chose to save from before the foundation of the world, and for whom Christ paid for their sins. The elect of God includes all true believers throughout time from any nation whom God saves. Jew and Gentile alike. And that Salvation is 100% the work of God.
The REST of Hebrews 4 is the REST of Salvation where we cease trusting in any work the we do and REST only in the WORK of God of Christ to save us. And that is the GOSPEL that was preached to them and us.
But those sacrifices could not bring cleansing of the heart & conscience, which only Christ's shed Blood could. They remained in limbo - God accepting their sacrifices, pleased to abide with them, yet looking ahead when His Own Sacrifice would bring full cleansing, new life, & a permanent rest for their souls.
The Gospel of 'Rest' that was promised to them, was not just of entering Canaan ( Deuteronomy 12:9-11; Joshua 22:43-45), but was spoken of a future Rest ( Hebrews 4:8,9; Isaiah 11:10 (both in the first & second comings of Jesus)). This was always God's Plan, even to include Gentiles in such blessing - and Jesus only could be the Sacrifice that would bring true & lasting rest for all. All the sacrifices pointed to Him & the temporary rest that Israel enjoyed (when they were faithful), could only be fully realized when Christ's Blood also applied to them, yet future. Present-day Israel is in turmoil (spiritually, physically, nationally), having rejected their Messiah. They will never have God's Rest whilst in this state. But when they see their Messiah coming in the clouds, come to Him in brokenness & repentance, having their hearts cleansed by His Blood not by sacrifices, then Hebrews 4:9 will be fully realized, "There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God."
Thanks again David0921 for these Scriptures, & of course, I don't share in your understanding of them. I will look at the main one: Hebrews 4:1-3.
You understand this passage as referring to the Gospel that was delivered to us, that it was the same as they (OT Israel) also received. However, this passage is not talking about the Gospel of Salvation through a Redeemer, but about the Gospel that was ordained before the worlds were framed together - and that is, that God's Plan was for all (Jew & Gentile) to enter into HIS REST. And that is what the Gospel is: for us, we know that perfect rest (from our struggle with sin, of certain judgement for it, of being accepted by God & receiving His Peace) can only be attained through the Cross & looking unto it.
The Gospel that was 'preached as well unto them' contained nothing of Christ's Sacrifice. To force the word 'Gospel' in the OT to mean the same as in the NT, is to misapply the meaning & understanding of Scripture. When the Gospel came to us, we were dead in our sins & in desperate need of redemption & only through Christ's death we could have any hope. When the Gospel came to them, they were already the elect, chosen of God, to remain faithful to God, obeying His Commands, & observing the Sacrifices & associated laws. If they exercised faith & looked only unto God & none other, they would be saved; just as Abraham, Moses, & others were. Which also agrees with the translation of Enoch & Elijah, where these men were counted faithful & for God's Own purpose, were removed from the Earth. But then the question: 'weren't these also sinners, though being the Elect, needing cleansing; how could faith & sacrifice only save them?' Hebrews 9:13,14: these sacrifices only sanctified the people to the "purifying of the flesh"; God instituted this that they may be forgiven & He could dwell in the midst of them & be their constant Guide, providing them that temporary covering for their sin. Onto Page 2.
Greetings in Christ JESUS
I'm astonished/surprised by the fact of the readers /students of the Bible don't discern that MAN already existed before GOD said: "Let us make MAN in our image, after our likeness: and ... "
Yes man already EXISTED, but NOT in the IMAGE of GOD; MAN was only and only made of the dust of the earth whose breath was in his nostrils- Genesis 2:7 and 15-17, and Isaiah 2:22.
Well, only after the fall GOD planned(GENESIS) to make man in His image, but how? GOD is Spirit, invisible. What is the image of a spirit?
First step: GOD's decision. Genesis 1:26-GOD said(to JESUS, the beginning), Let us make man in OUR image, after OUR likeness( Hebrews 1:3 combined with John 5:17 and John 1:11-13): and let them have dominion over the ...
2nd step: Execution of GOD's plan: Genesis 1:27 -So GOD created man in His own image, in the image of GOD created he him; male and female created He them. John 1:11-13 and John 5:17
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Remember: 1 Corinthians 15:45-47
47 The first MAN is of the earth, earthy; the second MAN is the Lord from heaven(is from a celestial /spiritual environment)
45 The first MAN Adam was made a living soul(whose breath is in his nostrils- Isaiah 2:22); the last Adam was made a quickening spirit.
46 Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual
Genesis 1:31
And GOD saw every thing that He had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. (This sixth GOD's Day just finished)
Revelation 11:15-18
15...The kingdoms OF THIS WORLD are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of His Christ; and He shall reign for ever and ever
...
And the nations will be angry, and GOD's wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be Judged, and that should give reward unto the servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear His name, small and great; and should destroy them which destroy the earth
GOD BLESS
I commented on 5:22-23
So, as for 6:22-23, Jesse has answered you well. The eye is often thought of as the window to your soul. In these verses the eye is said to be a light into one's body, so perhaps in this instance, if your eye is evil it reveals the darkness in your being, but if it is single, then it shows the light/goodness in your being. I understand that by saying that the eye is 'single" Jesus means without deceit, malice, or ill will towards one's neighbor or rebellion towards God. Truly, only believers in Christ can have a 'single' eye because non-believers are in darkness of sin and separated from the eternal light and life of God. But in Christ, we are in the light as He is in the light and have our consciouses cleansed by the removal of our sin by Christ's sacrifice. Therefore, a believers has the light of Christ in our beings and His eye was truly "single", without any semblance of actual sin in Himself. He was truly the light of the world and when we are in Him, we too have that eternal light of life in us, too. We, too, can love God and our neighbor as Jesus is explaining in this Sermon on the Mount.
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CHAPTER10: The Superiority of the Sacrifice of Jesus Christ, to the sacrifices of the Old Testament law.
CHAPTERS 11-13: The Special Encouragements to Believers.
CHAPTER 11: The Encouragement from the People of Faith.
It's interesting to realize that all the people presented who are living by faith, in which we will be encouraged to do, are all Old Testament people.
CHAPTER 12: The Encouragement from the Pattern of Faith.
CHAPTER 13:1-23: The Encouragement from the Procedure of Faith.
CHAPTER 13:24-25: The Salutation.
So that covers Hebrews. I will share my introduction to James soon, Lord willing!
God Bless!!!
CHAPTERS 5-6: The Superiority of Jesus Christ to Aaron. He's a Levite, and a high priest, and the head of the Aaronic Priesthood.
CHAPTERS 7-10: The Superiority of the Priesthood of Jesus Christ Himself.
First the superiority of His person compared to other persons in the Jadaistic system. And now the superiority of His priesthood.
CHAPTER 7: The Superiority of the Priesthood of Melchizedek.
He's a very interesting character from the Old Testament that we know some information about him. Nobody knows where he came from or where he went. He just appeared on the scene. And the book of Hebrews says that the Lord's priesthood is according to the order of Melchizedek, not according to Aaron. And the second shocking thing about those statements is that Melchizedek is a Gentile. The Lord's priesthood is according to Melchizedek, not according to Aaron.
CHAPTER 8: The Superiority of the New Covenant, in its comparison to the old.
CHAPTER 9: The Superiority of the Heavenly Sanctuary, where the Lord is serving now, versus the earthly sanctuary.
And by the way, many scholars believe the book of Hebrews is the fifth gospel in the New Testament, and that the four gospels at the beginning of the New Testament present the Lord's ministry on the earth, and the book of Hebrews presents the Lord's ministry in heaven.
V. THE THEME OF HEBREWS:
"The just shall live by faith." That's presented three times in the New Testament. Hebrews 10:38.
Faith is what this book is all about. If you live by faith, then you have to accept the consequences because there's no in between.
VI. THE OUTLINE OF HEBREWS:
CHAPTERS 1-6: The Superiority of the Person of Jesus Christ.
CHAPTER 1:1-3: The Superiority of Jesus Christ to the Prophets.
CHAPTER 1:4-2:18: The Superiority of Jesus Christ to the Angels.
The Jews believed that the angels were higher than man, and some even believed that Michael the Archangel was higher than the Messiah.
CHAPTER 3: The Superiority of Jesus Christ to Moses, in Chapter 3.
CHAPTER 4: The Superiority of Jesus Christ to Joshua, in Chapter 4.
And when you get to Chapter 4, I think you will be in for an interesting surprise. I would encourage you before you read Chapter 4 to read the account of creation in Genesis Chapter 1, and the first part of Chapter 2, especially from the standpoint that after each day of creation, it says, "and it was the first day," and "it was the second day," and so on.
But you will notice in Genesis Chapter 2, at the seventh day, it never says "and it was the seventh day." Hebrews Chapter 4 tells us that the seventh day never ended.
So, the superiority of Jesus Christ to Joshua, the Lord has a better day of rest than what Joshua presented.
IV. THE PURPOSE OF THE LETTER:
To warn against apostasy during persecution. It's when believers suffer that believers consider to stop following Christ or consider compromising in their walk with the Lord when things get tough.
There are three groups addressed by the Book of Hebrews. Now in order to understand the various passages and the various sections of Hebrews, we have to understand these three groups to whom it was written:
1) To Hebrew believers.
2) To Hebrews who have an intellectual understanding of Christ but have not been saved, and they are considering going back to the religious system of Judaism because of the persecution for identifying with Hebrew believers.
So, these are Hebrews who understand what's being taught, and they intellectually agree with it, but they have never received Christ. And Chapter 10 is going to tell us that after they identified with the Hebrew believers and they went home, their possessions were stolen.
And their fellow Jewish comrades were kicking them out of the temples, and it would cause some of them to lose their jobs. Some of their friends would disown them. So, you can imagine a Jewish person, right at that place where you understand and you agree with it, but you haven't received Christ.
But you have this persecution going on and you say "If I go all the way with this thing, this is what's going to happen. Everybody is going to disown me." Some of them were considering going back into the old religious system of the Old Testament.
3) There were also Hebrew unbelievers.
These were those who were at these meetings, those who were in the crowd that just did not believe. So, if we understand these three groups, we can better understand some of the scriptures that are being presented. There are sections of scriptures to each one of these three groups in the book of Hebrews.
Apollos:
Right now, Apollos is the most popular theory. The more they study the texts, the more Apollos stands out. Apollos was one of those who passed through Corinth. And Pricilla and Aquila heard him preach. He was very eloquent in his preaching.
But he wasn't complete in his knowledge and understanding of Christ, so they took him aside and taught him about Christ more accurately. Well, because of the eloquence of the Greek style of Hebrews, and the organization of the letter to the Hebrews, many believe Apollos wrote it.
In Acts 18:24-28, this tells us he was a Jewish Christian from Alexandria. So, he knows about the Jewish rituals and ceremonies, and he's from Alexandria, and many theorize that the letter was written from Alexandria.
Another indication that Apollos might have written it, is that the Old Testament quotes in Hebrews are taken from the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament.
So, no quotations and references to the Hebrew text, but actually to the Old Testament text from the Septuagint. Jesus Himself quoted from the Septuagint, so it should at least be taken into consideration.
There are some difficulties with the theory of Paul. And by the way, many scholars now do not hold that view because of all the difficulties.
For example, the letter was written by a second-generation Christian because of what he stated in Hebrews 2:3 which says, "how shall we escape if we neglect so great a salvation, which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord and was confirmed unto us by them that heard Him."
Whoever wrote Hebrews did not hear the Lord directly, nor receive from the Lord directly, but received and was confirmed and established for us, he being one of them, by those that heard Him. So, this is just one of the problems.
Paul himself, as stated in Galatians 1:11-12 said, but I certify to you brethren that the gospel which was preached of me is not after man, for I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ. So, Paul is not a second generation Christian, and whoever wrote Hebrews is a second generation Christian.
Another theory was that it was Barnabas, because the letter appears to have been written by a Levite. Now a Levite, from the tribe of Levi, they were those who worked the temple. They were the priests. And they are the ones who took care of the temple.
The letter appears to have been written by a Levite because of the familiarity with the temple functions and rituals. According to Acts 4:36, Barnabas was a Levite. So, some people theorize that Barnabas wrote it.
The name Barnabas means "Son of Encouragement." The writer states in Hebrews 13:22 that he encourages them to endure the word of encouragement. Even the writer is saying he's giving encouragement to them, and he encourages them to endure. So, Barnabas was the encourager, another point that people make who theorize that Barnabas wrote the book.
Some say Luke wrote Hebrews. Some scholars believe that Luke took a Hebrew version of the Book of Hebrews and translated it into Greek.
III. THE AUTHOR:
The author of Hebrews is unknown.
The writer knows Timothy. We know from Hebrews 13:23 that he knew Timothy. He says, "know you not that our brother Timothy is set at liberty." That's because Timothy was put into prison. He says with whom if he comes shortly, I will see you. So, the writer of the book of Hebrews knew Timothy.
The writer was with believers who were from Italy, which is found in Hebrews 13:24. The writer was with the Italians, with the Jews from Italy.
In his salutation, he says salute all them that have the rule over you, and all the saints. They of Italy salute you. The word "of" in the Greek text is literally the word from. And that poses a problem. The scholars that have gone by the English text say that the writer wrote it from Italy, probably Rome. The problem is that he is with the Jews "from" Italy, not "in" Italy.
So, it's too ambiguous to nail it down and say he's writing from Rome, but he definitely is with Hebrew believers who are from Italy, wherever he is writing this letter from.
Several people have been named as possible authors:
Paul is the most common one. In fact, if you have a King James Bible, it will probably say in there that this is the book of Hebrews written by Paul. Remember I said that the title "To the Hebrews" was not put on it until the 2nd century. But there was no inscription about Paul until about the third century when the Council of Carthage added it to the book and claimed that Paul had written the letter.
So, there was no claim on the letter itself that it was written by Paul until the 3rd century. And by the way, this was the Eastern Church. The Western Church didn't even accept it as being inspired by God until the 4th century, and they too accepted it as written by Paul.
All of this is important to understand how to interpret the book of Hebrews.
I. DATE OF WRITING:
Evidence from the letter itself places the date written between 67 and 69 A.D. The reason for this is that the author uses present tense verbs throughout the letter indicating the temple in Jerusalem was still functioning.
And there is a list of present tense verbs found in this writing, Hebrews 5:1; 7:5; 8:3; 9:6; 9:22; 10:4; 10:8; and 13:11. A Present tense verb just basically says the writer is speaking as if it is ongoing now, when he talks about the temple rituals and functions.
The temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 A.D. by Titus the Roman General. So, the letter had to have been written before 70 A.D. as the information tells us. That's because the writer is speaking as though the temple is still there and is still functioning. So, it has to be written before 70 A.D.
II. TO WHOM IT WAS WRITTEN:
The inscription added to this letter in the 2nd century was "The Letter to the Hebrews."
Prior to the 2nd century, there were no titles to the letters. In the 2nd century, they decided to add titles or inscriptions to the letters. And it wasn't until the 2nd century the inscription said the letter to the Hebrews. The letter was written to Hebrew Christians. We know this because of the emphasis on the Levitical priesthood and sacrifices, and an absence of any reference to Gentiles.
All of Paul's writings are at the beginning of the teaching section. And the second section of the New Testament teaching section is the Jewish literature section (Hebrews through Revelation). The book of Hebrews was written to the Hebrews (Jewish people).
We have to understand it from a Jewish standpoint. Even in the book of Revelation, there are 404 verses, but there are over 800 allusions or direct quotes of the Old Testament, the Tanak. It's very Jewish. All the symbolisms come from the Tanak. We have to understand the Jewish literature from a Jewish background.
We as Gentiles get lost. Sometimes people will take things out of Paul's writings, and some out of Peter's writings, and they try and connect the two. But Peter is talking about Jewish things, and Paul is talking to the Gentiles about something else. We have to be careful about how we connect these together.
Again, the Jewish literature by the writer of Hebrews, and James, and Peter, the apostle John, and Jude, the truth or the concept in their teachings will also match Paul's. It's just applied in a Hebrew or Jewish way to a Hebrew person. So, we can still learn from them. We just have to properly in context understand.
Now, when I said that the New Testament is like a proof text, it's because anything said, even in the Jewish literature, if it doesn't line up with Paul's teachings and understanding, if all of that doesn't line up with the teaching of Christ, then it's not of God.
We can discuss prophecy in the Old Testament and disagree with each other, but the bible is very clear about the prophecies of the Old Testament. Do people still prophesy like they did in the Old Testament? Do they still do that today?
Whatever the message is, even if it is presented as a "message from God", one's own belief, or whatever the presentation is, we must stay with the arrangement that I just mentioned. If what someone is saying to us is from God, Paul would have taught it.
God speaking:
Isaiah 48:12 "Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am the first, I also am the last."
Jesus speaking:
Revelation 22:13 "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last."
Read and Believe!
Not to defend Catholic doctrine about Mary in any way whatsoever, but the teaching on Trintiy and the divine nature of Jesus began in the time of the apostles and the church spent many decades and centuries defending these two doctrines long before the Catholic Church took over the Roman empire to become the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne and Pope Leo in the 800's A.D. It was after this time that the doctrines of Mary began to become Catholic teaching.
The early church defended the deity and humanity of Jesus against the Gnostics in first and second century, the Docetists, (the error that Jesus was God, but not human because flesh is evil), Adoptionism (the errant doctrine that He was human but became God at some point in His life), Ebionitism (the error that Jesus was human so therefore cannot be God), Arianism (the error that Jesus was the first created being above the angels but not of the Divine Godhead), Modalism (Monarchism) (the error that God incarnated into Jesus, that God plays different roles or modality, but it is the same person who is the Father and the Son and the Spirit)
All of these errors were fought against by the apostles and church leaders (bishops) up to 300 A.D. There were other errors that emerged in the 5th-7th century concerning Christ's nature, humanity, and deity. The church has consistently defended the apostolic doctrine of that Jesus was both completely eternal God as the Son of the Father, and completely human, having both a divine and human nature in a human body through the first three centuries long before the church became the Roman Catholic Church with the bishop of Rome (pope) being above all the other bishops. This was not the way it was from the start. The bishops were all of equal authority, presiding over regions around the Mediterranean. They would convene in what was termed 'councils' to settled matters of heresy and to affirm correct doctrine from the early centuries. Check it out for yourself
So, it is interesting how God worked all of this. You think you can travel 1,000 miles away, so you won't get caught, but God has someone waiting on the other end!
So, this letter is a letter back to Philemon to explain to Philemon what happened to Onesimus. You see, Philemon doesn't know. All he knows is a runaway slave took all his valuables, and that if he ever catches up with him, justice will be served!
I don't want to say that Paul was a schmoozer, but in Verses 4 to 7, Paul describes Philemon as being the most loving, receptive, and forgiving man in the world.
VERSES 8-22: The Exhortation of Paul
VERSES 23-25: The Salutation of Paul
I will try and post my introduction to Hebrews later this evening, Lord willing.
God Bless!!!
VI. SECTION OUTLINE OF THE BOOK OF PHILEMON:
PHILEMON CHAPTER 1: THE PORTRAYAL OF THE GOSPEL
VERSES 1-3: The Introduction
VERSES 4-7: Paul gives the Description of Philemon.
This is not to describe him so that people recognize him. But Paul knew how to address people and how to get people to be receptive to the things that he would like them to do.
What happened was, here in Colossae, a man named Philemon had a slave by the name of Onesimus. Well, Onesimus decides that he's going to steal his master's valuables and run away. And he wants to get as far away as possible because if he's caught, he could be killed. That's one of the punishments.
So, he decides that he's going to take all the valuables and pay for his way to Rome because if you get to Rome, nobody's going to find you, and nobody's going to come all that way just to find you as a runaway slave!
Somehow, as Paul is in prison, Onesimus can't keep his hand "out of the till" there in Rome either, so he winds up in jail. And he runs into another prisoner by the name of Paul. And so, he hears Paul preaching and teaching the gospel. And Paul is ministering to him, so Onesimus receives Christ and is saved.
And Onesimus tells Paul what he did. He stole from his master and ran away, and that's why he's in Rome. So, Paul inquires as to where he's from and he says Colossae. So, Paul says I've been to Colossae, and I know some people from Colossae. What's the man's name? He says Philemon. And Paul says I know Philemon. He has the church in his home in Colossae.
III. THE HISTORY OF COLOSSAE:
Colossae was a city of Phrygia, in the Roman province of Asia. It was about 90 miles east of Ephesus. Colossae was in the Lycus Valley along with Laodicea and Hierapolis. The population of Colossae was mostly Gentile but had a large number of Jewish population.
The church at Colossae began during Paul's three-year ministry at Ephesus (Acts Chapter 19). Paul didn't start the church in Colossae, but he spent three years in Ephesus. And you can see why. There was a tremendous amount of ministry going on there. During this three-year period, a man by the name of Epaphras was saved while visiting Ephesus.
The Church at Colossae was established by Epaphras, not Paul ( Colossians 1:5-7). So Epaphras came from Colossae into Ephesus, met Paul, heard him preach, and received Christ. Epaphras goes back to Colossae, and he establishes the church there, not Paul.
Several years after the Colossians church was founded, dangerous heresies began to circulate in it. Epaphras was so concerned about these heresies that he made the long journey from Colossae to Rome were Paul was a prisoner ( Colossians 4:12-13).
IV. THE THEME OF PHILEMON:
The portrayal of the Gospel expressed between Paul and Philemon over Philemon's slave Onesimus.
V. DELIVERED BY:
Philemon was delivered with Colossians and Ephesians by Tychicus who was accompanied by Onesimus ( Ephesians 6:21-22; Colossians 4:7-8). Epaphras remained behind in Rome ( Philemon 23). So Epaphras was there with Paul. He didn't go back with the letters. He stayed with Paul. Very interesting!
Philemon is on the end of Paul's writings. Philemon is part of a four-book set. Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon are a set of books known as the prison epistles, or prison letters, because they were written by Paul during his first imprisonment in Rome.
And Philemon is separated from them and on the end because the arrangement of Paul's letters put the letters to the churches first, and then letters to individuals last. So, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon have their letters at the end. But Philemon, Colossians, and Ephesians all traveled together by Tychicus and Onesimus.
Philemon is the name of a man that lives in Colossae.
I. ABOUT THE AUTHORS:
Paul and Timothy. Paul's inscription is on all thirteen of his letters.
II. TO WHOM IT WAS WRITTEN:
Philemon was written to a Christian businessman by the name of Philemon who was living in the city of Colossae. And Paul wrote to Philemon concerning his run-away slave Onesimus.
Philemon was written at the same time as Colossians.
Both Philemon and Colossians are two of four epistles or letters known as the Prison Epistles: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. Both were written around 63 A.D. while Paul was under house arrest in Rome for two years ( Acts 28:16-31).
Timothy, Aristarchus, Archippus, Mark, Epaphras, Luke, Onesimus, and Demas all appear in both letters demonstrating Colossians and Philemon were written by the same author at the same time.